[26] At San Antonio, the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh always maintained a room ready for Prince George of Wales, the second son of the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, who was in the Royal Navy. [12], Several legends surround Alexander's birth and childhood. In the 1949 Adevărata istorie a unei monarhii ("The True History of a Monarchy"), author Alexandru Gârneață refers to orgies that supposedly were held by Marie at Cotroceni and Balchik and claims that her cirrhosis was caused by her heavy drinking, even offering examples of instances when a drunken Marie needed to be carried off a yacht by her fellow drinkers. During this turmoil, the Illyrians invaded Macedonia, only to be repelled by Alexander. [91], Eventually, Marie demanded of Ferdinand in no uncertain terms that he enter the war, leading the French minister to Romania, Auguste Félix de Beaupoil, Count of Saint-Aulaire, to remark that Marie was twice an ally to the French: once by birth and once by heart. [297] During the first Italian campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars, in a question from Bourrienne, asking whether he gave his preference to Alexander or Caesar, Napoleon said that he places Alexander The Great in the first rank, the main reason being his campaign on Asia. The first volume was published in 1996.[166]. [150] His extraordinary achievements, coupled with his own ineffable sense of destiny and the flattery of his companions, may have combined to produce this effect. In the years preceding the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Marie's popularity recovered and she was offered as a model of patriotism to the population. [19] Among Marie's playmates were her maternal cousins, Grand Dukes Nicholas (called "Nicky") and George (called "Georgie") and Grand Duchess Xenia of Russia, the other two Russian cousins, Grand Duke Michael (called "Misha") and Grand Duchess Olga being too young for the Edinburgh girls. [85] Soon after the war ended, Carol became ill. On 28 June 1914, at Sarajevo, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated. [26], Suda writes that, also, Anaximenes of Lampsacus was one of his teachers. [112] There was also considerable friction between Antipater and Olympias, and each complained to Alexander about the other. [153][154][155] In a 2014 manuscript in the journal Clinical Toxicology, Schep suggested Alexander's wine was spiked with Veratrum album, and that this would produce poisoning symptoms that match the course of events described in the Alexander Romance. By contrast, the Persian infantry was stationed behind its cavalry. "[158] She was prescribed a diet of cold foods, injections and bed rest. The song 'Alexander the Great' by the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden is indicative. Upon hearing of Carol's return, Marie, who was abroad, was relieved. The end of Thebes cowed Athens, leaving all of Greece temporarily at peace. [44][45] Although King Carol granted the couple "Honigtag" (one day of honeymoon), Marie and Ferdinand spent a few days at the Castle of Krauchenwies in Bavaria. [156] The first was Bran Castle. Although Carol was in favour of his country supporting Germany and the Central Powers, the council decided against it. [27], Meanwhile, the Duke of Edinburgh became heir presumptive to his childless paternal uncle, Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, upon the Prince of Wales's renunciation of his rights to the duchy. [275] Caligula, who could not swim,[276] then proceeded to ride his favourite horse Incitatus across, wearing the breastplate of Alexander the Great. [163][164] According to Aelian, a seer called Aristander foretold that the land where Alexander was laid to rest "would be happy and unvanquishable forever". [144] He developed a fever, which worsened until he was unable to speak. Several examples of capitals displaying Ionic influences can be seen as far as Patna, especially with the Pataliputra capital, dated to the 3rd century BC. [88] He sent the bulk of his army to the Persian ceremonial capital of Persepolis via the Persian Royal Road. [156] Veratrum album poisoning can have a prolonged course and it was suggested that if Alexander was poisoned, Veratrum album offers the most plausible cause. [103] The Armistice with Germany (11 November 1918) put an end to fighting in Europe and, thus, to the war. She also spent some time in Belgrade with her daughter "Mignon" and her son-in-law, King Alexander. [169][170], Pompey, Julius Caesar and Augustus all visited the tomb in Alexandria, where Augustus, allegedly, accidentally knocked the nose off. [42] Olympias and several of Alexander's friends suggested this showed Philip intended to make Arrhidaeus his heir. [39] The marriage made Alexander's position as heir less secure, since any son of Cleopatra Eurydice would be a fully Macedonian heir, while Alexander was only half-Macedonian. [292] Later Persian writers associate him with philosophy, portraying him at a symposium with figures such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, in search of immortality. When "his engineers pointed out to him that because of the height of the mound it would be impossible... this encouraged Alexander all the more to make the Her birth was celebrated by firing the Park and Tower guns. In 1940, after Southern Dobrudja was ceded to Bulgaria during World War II, her heart was transferred to Bran Castle. Aelian writes of Alexander's visit to Troy where "Alexander garlanded the tomb of Achilles, and Hephaestion that of Patroclus, the latter hinting that he was a beloved of Alexander, in just the same way as Patroclus was of Achilles. [107] The Greeks regarded the gesture as the province of deities and believed that Alexander meant to deify himself by requiring it. [286], Alexander features prominently in modern Greek folklore, more so than any other ancient figure. [82] The war, which lasted a little over a month, was worsened by a cholera epidemic. Still occupied in Thrace, he ordered Alexander to muster an army for a campaign in southern Greece. Campaigning against the Greek city of Perinthus, Alexander is reported to have saved his father's life. [93] Curtius claims that Alexander did not regret his decision until the next morning. [16] Overall, the Duchess neglected her daughters' education, considering them not very bright or gifted. In 1934, Marie visited England once again. [136] At the White House, the official dinner was marked by awkward moments, due to the morose attitude of President Calvin Coolidge and his wife Grace; Marie lingered less than two hours. Ileana rarely received permission from Carol to visit Romania; this irritated Marie greatly. There have been, since the time, many suspicions that Pausanias was actually hired to murder Philip. [113], In general, Greece enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity during Alexander's campaign in Asia. [101] He claimed that, while dying, Darius had named him as his successor to the Achaemenid throne. [109], Later, in the Central Asian campaign, a second plot against his life was revealed, this one instigated by his own royal pages. By the time of her death, Marie's children had ruled in three of the four Balkan countries, Bulgaria excepted,[123][175] although her descendants no longer occupy any European throne. Alexander III 'the Great'. After the assassination of Perdiccas in 321 BC, Macedonian unity collapsed, and 40 years of war between "The Successors" (Diadochi) ensued before the Hellenistic world settled into four stable power blocs: Ptolemaic Egypt , Seleucid Mesopotamia and Central Asia, Attalid Anatolia, and Antigonid Macedon. [21] Marie later came to view this moment as "truly the end of a life that had been absolute happiness and joy without clouds, of a life with no disappointments or delusions and without any discordant note. [287], In pre-Islamic Middle Persian (Zoroastrian) literature, Alexander is referred to by the epithet gujastak, meaning "accursed", and is accused of destroying temples and burning the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. [191] At the decisive encounter with Darius at Gaugamela, Darius equipped his chariots with scythes on the wheels to break up the phalanx and equipped his cavalry with pikes. Later turns of events would prove Marie to have assumed correctly. [273] As a consequence, the Phalangarii of Legio II Parthica may not have been pikemen, but rather standard battle line troops or possibly Triarii. Eventually, he did, and he and Marie went to Sinaia, the site of Peleș Castle, for a period of recovery. [72], Around this time, Marie met Lieutenant Gheorghe Cantacuzène, a member, albeit through an illegitimate branch, of an ancient Romanian princely family and a descendant of Prince Șerban Cantacuzino. [125] Philostratus the Elder in the Life of Apollonius of Tyana writes that in the army of Porus there was an elephant who fought brave against Alexander's army and Alexander dedicated it to the Helios (Sun) and named it Ajax, because he thought that a so great animal deserved a great name. [71] In the following year, 332 BC, he was forced to attack Tyre, which he captured after a long and difficult siege. "[117], After the end of her visit in England, Marie returned to Paris, where the people were just as excited for her arrival as they had been a few weeks before. [77][78] The men of military age were massacred and the women and children sold into slavery. [287] The colloquial form of his name in modern Greek ("O Megalexandros") is a household name, and he is the only ancient hero to appear in the Karagiozis shadow play. When Onesicritus read this passage to his patron, Alexander's general and later King Lysimachus reportedly quipped, "I wonder where I was at the time. Irish playwright Aubrey Thomas de Vere wrote Alexander the Great, a Dramatic Poem. [86] Eventually, he died on 10 October 1914 and Ferdinand automatically succeeded as king. [187] The Macedonian phalanx, armed with the sarissa, a spear 6 metres (20 ft) long, had been developed and perfected by Philip II through rigorous training, and Alexander used its speed and manoeuvrability to great effect against larger but more disparate Persian forces. He then continued south towards the Peloponnese. Her Majesty the Queen, my dear cousin, is British born. [122] In 1922, Marie married her second daughter, "Mignon", to Alexander I of Serbia (later of Yugoslavia). Instead, they supported Alexander's half-brother Philip Arrhidaeus. As a result, Marie moved away from Bucharest and spent the rest of her life either in the countryside, or at her home by the Black Sea. [106], During this time, Alexander adopted some elements of Persian dress and customs at his court, notably the custom of proskynesis, either a symbolic kissing of the hand, or prostration on the ground, that Persians showed to their social superiors. [17] Contemporaries who wrote accounts of his life included Alexander's campaign historian Callisthenes; Alexander's generals Ptolemy and Nearchus; Aristobulus, a junior officer on the campaigns; and Onesicritus, Alexander's chief helmsman. [96], Alexander then chased Darius, first into Media, and then Parthia. [289] Firdausi's Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings") includes Alexander in a line of legitimate Persian shahs, a mythical figure who explored the far reaches of the world in search of the Fountain of Youth. This ensured that Alexander would not be outflanked, while his phalanx, armed with long pikes, had a considerable advantage over the Persians' scimitars and javelins. [66], Marie and Ferdinand were advised by King Carol to maintain a restricted group of friends; thus, Marie would lament that her familial circle had been shrunk to only the King and Ferdinand, "who stood in mighty awe of the iron old man, forever trembling that any action of [hers] might displease that duty-bound head of the family". "[109] After the assembly, Ferdinand and Marie returned to Bucharest, where they were met by general mirth: "a day of 'wild, delirious enthusiasm', with the bands crashing and the troops marching and the people cheering". [273], Caracalla's mania for Alexander went so far that Caracalla visited Alexandria while preparing for his Persian invasion and persecuted philosophers of the Aristotelian school based on a legend that Aristotle had poisoned Alexander. [64] Marie's paternal aunt, the Empress Frederick, wrote to her daughter, the Crown Princess of Greece, that "Missy of Roumania is more to be pitied than you. [153], In 1931, Prince Nicholas eloped with Ioana Doletti, a divorced woman. As much as she condemned Marie's behaviour, her mother allowed her to come to Coburg when, in 1897, she apparently became pregnant. Marie is primarily remembered for her work as a nurse, but is also known for her extensive writing, including her critically acclaimed autobiography. He never lost a battle, despite typically being outnumbered. Immediately, cannons were fired as a sign that the first king and queen of Greater Romania had been anointed. [198], Some of Alexander's strongest personality traits formed in response to his parents. [23][26][27][28] This gave the Macedonian court a good knowledge of Persian issues, and may even have influenced some of the innovations in the management of the Macedonian state. [145], On 6 June 1930, Carol arrived in Bucharest and made his way into Parliament, where the Act of Succession 1927 was duly declared null. On 11 October 1914, Marie and Ferdinand were acclaimed as king and queen in the Chamber of Deputies. Literally translated, with a commentary, from the Greek of Arrian, the Nicomedian", "Philostratus the Athenian, Vita Apollonii, book 2, chapter 12", "NZ scientist's detective work may reveal how Alexander died", "Was the death of Alexander the Great due to poisoning? Bucephalas carried Alexander as far as India. The Theban resistance was ineffective, and Alexander razed the city and divided its territory between the other Boeotian cities. Gaugamela would be the final and decisive encounter between the two. [13], In his early years, Alexander was raised by a nurse, Lanike, sister of Alexander's future general Cleitus the Black. [170] In 1968, Communist officials vandalised the chapel sheltering Marie's heart, opening the sarcophagus and taking the boxes as well as the heart into Bran Castle. [135] Meanwhile, upon his return to Persia, Alexander learned that guards of the tomb of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae had desecrated it, and swiftly executed them. [3], The Duchess of Edinburgh was a supporter of the idea of separating generations and Marie deeply regretted the fact that her mother never allowed chatting between the two "as if [they] were equals". [289] In this tradition, he was a heroic figure who built a wall to defend against the nations of Gog and Magog. [102] The Achaemenid Empire is normally considered to have fallen with Darius. In May 1928, Carol, who had found his life abroad with Magda Lupescu unsatisfactory,[139] attempted to return to Romania with the help of the 1st Viscount Rothermere. [86] Darius once more fled the field, and Alexander chased him as far as Arbela. According to official reports, in keeping with, Marie's journal, 27 August 1914, quoted in, Marie's journal, 10 November 1916, quoted in, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, "Princess Marie of Edinburgh (1875–1938)", "Prince and Princess Henry of Battenberg with their bridesmaids and others on their wedding day", "110 ani de la inaugurarea Castelului Pelișor, darul făcut de Carol I lui Ferdinand și Reginei Maria", "Încoronarea Regilor României Desăvărșite", "Review of "The Baha'i Faith" Its History and Teaching by William McElwee Miller", "Inima reginei Maria vine la Peleș, în decorul și atmosfera palatului de la Balcic", "Regina Maria, între critică și laude în istoriografia comunistă", "Cine este regina care a devenit 'mama răniților, "Kingdom of Romania: Order of the Queen Marie Cross", "Elwick Place Picturehouse cinema and Travelodge hotel in Ashford to open earlier than planned", "Colecțiile din Castelul Bran, mutate la Vama Medievală", "Inima Reginei Maria a revenit la Castelul Pelișor, locul unde a bătut pentru ultima dată", "Coroana Reginei Maria a atras sute de vizitatori", "Real orden de Damas Nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa", "marks of cadency in the British royal family", Treaty between Great Britain and Roumania for the Marriage of Her Royal Highness Princess Marie of Great Britain and Ireland with His Royal Highness the Prince Ferdinand of Roumania – 15 December 1892, Newspaper clippings about Marie of Romania, Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway, Charlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of Württemberg, Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, Princess Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Victoria, Princess Royal and German Empress, Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, Princess Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, Princess Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg, Princess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-Rammingen, Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife, Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia, Princess Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Princess Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of Baden, Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood, Princess Sibylla, Duchess of Västerbotten, Princess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi, Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha by birth, German Empress Victoria, Queen of Prussia, Grand Duchess Alice of Hesse and by Rhine, Helena, Princess Christian of Scheswig-Holstein, Clotilde, Archduchess Joseph Karl of Austria, Amalie, Duchess Maximilian Emanuel in Bavaria, Louise, Princess Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, Joséphine Caroline, Princess Karl Anton of Hohenzollern, Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Dorothea, Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Princess Teresa Cristina, Baroness Taxis of Bordogna and Valnigra, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_of_Romania&oldid=1011686470, Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Anglicanism, Converts to the Bahá'í Faith from Eastern Orthodoxy, House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom), Companions of the Order of the Crown of India, Ladies of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania), Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Married 1931, Ioana Doletti (1902/9–1963), This page was last edited on 12 March 2021, at 07:28. [119], In 1920, Marie's eldest daughter, Princess Elisabeth, was engaged to Prince George of Greece, the eldest son of the deposed King Constantine I of Greece and Marie's cousin Sophia. King Carol and Queen Elisabeth promptly removed Prince Carol and Princess Elisabeth from Marie's care, considering it inappropriate for them to be raised by their young parents. The time could not have been better set." [17], When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from Thessaly brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen talents. [84] During his stay in Egypt, he founded Alexandria-by-Egypt, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic Kingdom after his death. [107] This behaviour cost him the sympathies of many of his countrymen. It was originally thought to have been the sarcophagus of Abdalonymus (died 311 BC), the king of Sidon appointed by Alexander immediately following the battle of Issus in 331. [69][f] He showed his intent to conquer the entirety of the Persian Empire by throwing a spear into Asian soil and saying he accepted Asia as a gift from the gods. Nevertheless, when Marie returned from America, Ferdinand's death seemed imminent. Marie was eventually transferred to a sanatorium in Dresden. The common soldiers, anxious about his health, were granted the right to file past him as he silently waved at them. Although not very good looking, Cantacuzène stood out using his sense of humour and fashion, as well as his talent in horse-riding. [43], On 10 January 1893, Marie and Ferdinand were married at Sigmaringen Castle in three ceremonies: one civil, one Catholic (Ferdinand's religion) and one Anglican. [146][149] The accounts were nevertheless fairly consistent in designating Antipater, recently removed as Macedonian viceroy, and at odds with Olympias, as the head of the alleged plot. [157] The other was Balchik, where she had built a palace and a small chapel called Stella Maris and tended to her garden. [71] The winter of 1897/1898 was spent with the Russian Imperial family on the French Riviera, where Marie often rode horses, in spite of the low temperatures. Her personality and "high spirits" frequently created controversies at the Romanian court, and she disliked the austere atmosphere of her household. This led Hegesias of Magnesia to say that it had burnt down because Artemis was away, attending the birth of Alexander. "[115] He did, and president Raymond Poincaré noticed a change in Clemenceau's attitude towards Romania after Marie's arrival. ", Prince Carol sparked a dynastic crisis when he officially renounced his rights to succeed Ferdinand on 5 January 1926, simultaneously waiving all parental rights over Prince Michael, who had been proclaimed heir apparent. Marie agreed to come to America and witness the dedication, especially as Fuller was an old friend of hers. [177] According to Diodorus, Alexander's companions asked him on his deathbed to whom he bequeathed his kingdom; his laconic reply was "tôi kratistôi"—"to the strongest". [73] According to the story, Alexander proclaimed that it did not matter how the knot was undone and hacked it apart with his sword. When describing her early days in Romania, Marie wrote that "for long hours [she] would mope, whilst [her] young husband did his military service, all alone in rooms [she] hated, heavy German rooms". Crowds gathered around her frequently, waiting to see the "exotic" Queen of Romania. ISBN 1-84176-091-9. [132], Discovering that many of his satraps and military governors had misbehaved in his absence, Alexander executed several of them as examples on his way to Susa. [190], When faced with opponents who used unfamiliar fighting techniques, such as in Central Asia and India, Alexander adapted his forces to his opponents' style. Nonetheless, the couple was not able to attend celebrations for Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee that summer. This was a sign of Caracalla's increasingly erratic behaviour. [113], Marie arrived in Paris on 6 March 1919. [35], Marie grew into a "lovely young woman" with "sparkling blue eyes and silky fair hair"; she was courted by several royal bachelors, including Prince George of Wales, who in 1892 became second in line to inherit the throne. Though outmanoeuvered by Darius's significantly larger army, he marched back to Cilicia, where he defeated Darius at Issus. [108][242] The first, and greatest, was Alexandria in Egypt, which would become one of the leading Mediterranean cities. Her coffin was surrounded by flowers and glowing tapers and was guarded by officers of the Fourth Hussars. [194] However, Ogden calculates that Alexander, who impregnated his partners thrice in eight years, had a higher matrimonial record than his father at the same age. [296] In medieval Europe, Alexander the Great was revered as a member of the Nine Worthies, a group of heroes whose lives were believed to encapsulate all the ideal qualities of chivalry. [275] This act was in defiance of a prediction by Tiberius's soothsayer Thrasyllus of Mendes that Caligula had "no more chance of becoming emperor than of riding a horse across the Bay of Baiae". [121][122] Choosing a local helped him control these lands so distant from Greece. Marie's crown was designed by painter Costin Petrescu and it was made in the Art Nouveau style by "Falize", a Parisian jewelry house. [244][245] An inscription from the temple, now housed in the British Museum, declares: "King Alexander dedicated [this temple] to Athena Polias. [265], On the other hand, some Roman writers, particularly Republican figures, used Alexander as a cautionary tale of how autocratic tendencies can be kept in check by republican values. Along the way his army conquered the Malhi (in modern-day Multan) and other Indian tribes and Alexander sustained an injury during the siege. [233], Green argues that there is little evidence in ancient sources that Alexander had much carnal interest in women; he did not produce an heir until the very end of his life. [189] Alexander placed the phalanx at the center and cavalry and archers on the wings, so that his line matched the length of the Persian cavalry line, about 3 km (1.86 mi). She had been growing anxious with the direction in which the country was heading and viewed Carol's return as the return of the Prodigal Son.